Music Video Mood Board

Follow Danielle's board A2 Media Studies Music Video mood board on Pinterest.

Planning narrative

Narrative/thematic

Male and female

Female - Rosie: Dream world/daydreaming

Male - ?: Dark, foggy, idea of sin

Seven deadly sins:

Pride is excessive belief in one's own abilities, that interferes with the individual's recognition of the grace of God. It has been called the sin from which all others arise. Pride is also known as Vanity.

Envy is the desire for others' traits, status, abilities, or situation.

Gluttony is an inordinate desire to consume more than that which one requires.

Lust is an inordinate craving for the pleasures of the body.

Anger is manifested in the individual who spurns love and opts instead for fury. It is also known as Wrath.

Greed is the desire for material wealth or gain, ignoring the realm of the spiritual. It is also called Avarice or Covetousness.

Sloth is the avoidance of physical or spiritual work.

Cuts between male protagonist who commits the deadly sins (without making it blatantly obvious that the seven sins are referenced, just inferred) perhaps looking at photo of female character that he can't reach due to the sins. chorus more montage of female character in place that contrasts heavily with his life. The end of the music video may show him stepping away from the sin and joining her in the idillic land. 

Pride: Vanity

Envy: Jealousy of female protagonist with another male character

Gluttony: Drinking and loosing control

Lust: Lust is theme of video essentially 

Anger: Punching wall/smashing glass - potentially slow motion smashing

Greed: 

Sloth: Laziness 

Extracts of the lyrics:

I cry at your feet, wounded for me
And all of the monsters and men

But here in your light

We can begin again 

Focusing on the notion that she can be his saviour and he is going to change because of her

Had to learn to get what I need
In the dark, empty
Instincts are guiding me
Like a beast to some blood
And I can't get enough

'like a beast to some blood' could be a reference to the alcohol

skull makeup - main chracter
have makeup smudging from middle until he has a 'clean' face at the end when with female character

Stylised video 

In the sense that movies by directors such as Tim Burton all have an extra quality such as the unusual characters and mise en scene, my video will be stylised so that the story is not just a generic theme about girl meets boy and so on. 

Shallow focus/blurred edges of shots which could be achieved in post production.

Intertextuality

Within American Horror story, which I have used as a reference point when creating the skeleton makeup, there are several shots filmed in a hallway of people reacting to the character Tate. I want to try and replicate these reactions to Ollie in the hallway within school.

Ben Howard promotional material

Ben Howard keeps a theme throughout his promotional material. When promoting the song 'Keep Your Head Up', Owen Tozer who made Ben Howard's digipak also created this promotional video. The video is quite simple but it is eye catching as may make someone want to know more about Ben Howard. It keeps to the same appearance that is present within Ben Howard's music video but does not contain Ben singing or performing. It is a feelgood video which relates well to the message of the song, the mise en scene is fitting with folk music and the song being promoted plays in the background throughout. 

It is common for a smaller artist to have all of their branding dealt with by one person as it keeps continuity across a range of media platforms and if there is a good relationship between the creators then the results will consistently work for the artist. Owen Tozer also created a Ltd edition screen printed poster for Ben Howard's outdoor gig on the beach in Cornwall. Printed in metallic gold ink on cobalt GF Smith card (50x70cm).

The poster is very minimalist but effectively communicates the message of where and when Ben Howard is performing. The words speak for themselves and the simple shapes make for striking imagery. 

The poster below is quite different but still fits with Ben Howard's vintage feel and the arrangement of images are pleasing to the eye. This would work successfully as tour merchandise. (Photo based merchandise for Ben Howard's 2012 Every Kingdom world tour.

Photography by Roddy Bow.)

Digipak analysis: Charlie Simpson - Long Road Home

The main feature of Charlie Simpson's album cover is a close up portrait of Charlie which has been edited in the style of Dan Mountford's double exposure editing. The colours used within the cover are slightly retro and fit well with the folk/retro conventions seen throughout the digipak. The technique of editing is rather dream-like, folk music is often described as being dreamy and almost spiritual, this image depicts these descriptions perfectly. On the left hand side of the cover a rectangle is taken up by Charlie's name which is rather small in comparison to the album title. Long Road Home was Charlie's second album release as a solo artist so his name does not need to be as prominent as it must be on the debut album of an artist. Charlie's record label is also featured on the cover of the album which is quite unusual. Charlie was the first artist to be signed to nusic sounds, the feature of the logo would have been a good advertisement feature for the record label as Charlie already had quite a large fanbase. 

The back of the cover features the song titles written in a seemingly random arrangement in a variety of font sizes, I personally think this makes the case confusing but it does make you look harder at the song titles and the case itself.  There is very little legal information on the case of this album and the information that there is, is printed very small at the bottom of the case.

Charlie uses the inside of the CD case to give credit to all who helped him with the production of the album. The album title and 'Charlie Simpson' are written on the CD itself in a similar font to that used on the back of the case. 

Within the case there is a pullout poster of Charlie sat behind a piano. The poster is used to thank many people and also contains the lyrics to the songs on the album.

Digipak analysis: Tom Odell - Long Way Down

Long way down is Tom Odell's debut studio album and was released in June 2013. The cover of the album is simple and has very little editing involved, as many other folk/indie albums do not. The cover abides by the rule of thirds with the album name in the top left hand corner and Tom Odell is stood within the right third of the image. The font is capital letters, like Ben Howard's is, it is a bold font in white and black. The image of Tom Odell is in shallow focus, Tom is the main feature of the image and the focus makes the background look rather pretty, with the lights becoming flared. The colouring of the image is somewhat faded which fits with the vintage theme that is often seen in folk music. 

The back of the case contains an image of a brick wall which is a partial image of Tom Odell running up some stairs. The wall makes an effective background and fits well with the colour scheme of the digipak. Tom is wearing the same outfit which can be seen of the front cover, this shows a sense of continuity between the two sides. The font used is capital characters which makes them a stand out feature of the back cover, they are aligned to the right hand side of the image and fit the rue of thirds like the front cover did. On the bricks chalk writing can be seen, although it is not clear what this writing says, it makes the album feel more playful when teamed with the image of Tom running up the steps, as the front cover seems rather serious. 

The legal information and record label is printing in small font at the bottom of the case on the back, whilst it is readable it is clear that it is not a key feature of the case design. The spine of the album is a charcoal black which ties in with the colour of the bricks, Tom Odell is written in white to make it stand out from the black and 'Long Way Down' is written in a very similar teal colour to the colour of Tom's shirt in the images on the case. 

The CD shows the length of the various songs, this was a feature that some artists opted for on Vinyl albums. The CD is a simple design and features the record label as quite a main feature on the disk. The booklet on the left makes thanks from Tom Odell to his family friends and everybody that has supported his music which seems very sincere. The inner part of the booklet shows pages of scribbles and writing of lyrics of the songs, this is a very personal thing to show and demonstrates how Tom Odell really pours himself into the creation of his music. This is also supported by the fact that 'All songs written by Tom Odell' is written on the back of the booklet. 

Digipak analysis: Ben Howard - Every Kingdom

Image source

The album cover, sleeve and disc for Every Kingdom is rather minimalist. The colour which is most predominant on the case is a teal as it is an image of the sea. Ben Howard's music is rather chilled and a person would usually seek out Ben's music if they want to relax, teal is associated with a calm vibe, as is teal.

A key convention of the folk genre in music videos is live performance. The image on the pull out booklet is Ben Howard performing life on stage, this fits the genre and also fits Richard Dyer's star image theory as it gives him a respected status. The back of the casing is a bold choice as there is no imagery, just text, this speaks volumes for how Ben Howard lets his music speak for itself. The titles of the songs are sized to fit into a rectangle, this looks very clean and is easy to read.

The font on the cover is a bold white font in capitals. This is one of the first things you see when looking at the cover of the album, 'Ben Howard' is bold and a lager font size than the album name 'Every Kingdom'. Every Kingdom was Ben's debut studio album, released in 2011, so the album was about introducing himself as an artist just as much as the songs on the album. Ben Howard has a love for surfing and the sea which is communicated through the image on the cover of him diving deep into the sea. The light which is beaming through the sea and lighting the image links with the song 'keep your head up' as the song is about staying positive and sunshine is often associated with positive messages.  The legal information that is printed on the back is small and the record label is also rather discreet.

All of the images in Ben Howard's digipak have been faded to give them a vintage feel which fits with the presentation of most areas of folk music and the promotion surrounding it. I love the simplicity of the CD, it is black with 'Ben Howard Every Kingdom' written on the disc. The paper used to print the booklet insert for the album is on matte paper which gives a more laid back feel than a shiny printed booklet, the choice of paper also coincides with the idea that folk music is a quite 'organic' genre.

Owen Tozer designed the cover for the album and it is clear from looking at Tozer's website that he was chosen because many of his designs communicate a similar feel to that required for the artwork for Every Kingdom.

Locations list

Beach: Selsey/St Ives

I have chosen to film in both Selsey and St Ives as they are areas which are very pretty and and I have the access to get to them. Selsey is usually very quiet so I would be able to film shots which have no people in them and I know from experience that the sunsets in St Ives are breathtaking. 

Woods: Woods surrounding school, fields, Castlefields

I may also use the Drama studios in my school to film sections as when using the stage lighting I will be able to achieve a dramatic effect which looks professional.

Folk 'lookbook'

I decided to test out some outfit ideas and potential locations for my music video by creating a 'lookbook' lookbooks are seen on YouTube quite a lot to show different types of outfits and are often compared to a blogpost but in video form. I chose to use outfits which fit the convention of folk music, I took inspirations from different musicians and choices of outfit that would be suitable for different types of weather. 

A lookbook is a collection of photographs compiled to show off a model, a photographer, a style, or stylist or a clothing line. Usually, bloggers or vloggers will "model" fashionable looks for that month or season. This gives viewers ideas on how to style outfits, or to show what the latest fashions are. ^[1] It is an especially popular term with "fashion bloggers". - Lookbook Wikipedia page 

Mise en scene/props/equipment

When making my music video I will need props which will fit with the codes and conventions of folk music. The props which I have identified that fit the genre and that I will use in my video are:

Acoustic Guitar

       Source

Tutu/pointe shoes (also relates to mise en scene)

      Source

Fairy Lights (to hang from trees)

       Source 

Possibly other folk instruments

       Source

Silk

Source

The amount of equipment I will use during filming is rather minimal as the shots do not need to be perfectly smooth, folk music videos tend to have a laid back feel and contain quite a lot of hand held shots. If i decide that i wish to use other equipment after the first shots then I will give them a go.

The equipment i will need is:

• A camera
• A tripod

Folk Genre conventions

A convention is a selection from among two or more alternatives, where the rule or alternative is agreed upon among participants. Often the word refers to unwritten customs shared throughout a community. - Convention Wiki page

All types of genres have codes and conventions which can be seen to be used consistently throughout music videos. For example, a convention of a pop music video is often bright colours and lip syncing.

Folk music video conventions include the use of instruments. Folk is seen to be quite an 'organic' genre and the artists showing their instruments implies that they make their own music and it is not computer generated. These instruments include acoustic guitars, banjos, violins, double bass and more. 

                                                                       

Folk music videos are often set in quite rural areas outside, woods and the seaside are common filming locations. A reason for this is that it is more feasible for an artist with a lower budget than that of a mainstream pop star with the support of a large management behind them and also it reflects the mood and atmosphere of the song.

Neutral colouring is often opted for in Folk music videos. The natural colours fit with the idea of the music being 'organic' as I mentioned earlier and it allows the audience to concentrate more on the music than bright colours. 

Many camera shots in folk music videos seem to be hand held, whilst they aren't shaky it is clear that there is movement. A variety of shots are used including close-ups, long shots, establishing shots and more. Editing and camera is often very slow paced and the speed increases or decreases depending on the tempo of the song/verse. 

Target audience

I created a survey using the website SurveyMonkey.com to find out more about what audiences like from music videos, what they dislike and to find out what kind of music videos tend to attract my target audience.

How old are you?
Below 18
18-25
26-35
36-50
51-70
71+

What is your gender?
Male
Female
Other

What is your occupation?

Please tick which of the following are of interest to you:
Music videos
Television Series
Films
Documentaires
Radio

Do you prefer videos which have a narrative or concept videos? (concept videos are videos with have a theme and are often abstract, not quite fitting with the lyrics)

Why do you prefer concept or narrative?

Do you have any interest in indie rock/folk music?

Please name any indie rock/folk bands or musicians that you are interested in.

What do you not like about music videos? (of any genre)

What is your favourite music video?


I shared the link on Facebook and a few people shared it with their friends which allowed me to access a greater range of people.

The results for this question were as I was expecting. People tend to prefer a story line that they can really feel involved with and despite social media seeming to be one of the most used media outlets today, Television Series' and Films still were the most popular option. The social media option may also have been slightly bias as most people who answered my survey accessed it via Facebook.

The options below were responses to the 'other' section of the question. I thought that web series was an interesting answer as they are growing in popularity and many people was series' on the internet but forget that it is regarded as a similar option to that of television programs and films.

It is clear by the responses to this question that narrative is far preferred in music videos to concept. In the results to the explain further question, it seems to be because people view concept videos as not being relatable and they want a video to have a strong sense of meaning.

Reflecting upon these results, I will incorporate a narrative theme within my music video and will make sure that if I have concept elements, they will be relevant and add to the song. One respondent said 'puts more meaning to the song if it has a lyrical dance'. I personally love lyrical dance and I would like to use it within my music video, it will fit well with the song Born Again and it also fits well with the conventions of Folk music.

The demographic of my target audience is split quite evenly between male and female and the age range is also rather varied. Because of the style of Josh Garrels' music, his target audience is adults generally. The target audience of folk music is very widespread, it it dependent on the band/artist's status in the industry and also the nature of their songs. For example, James Bay and Mumford and Sons are very popular with a younger audience due to their appearances on MTV for example. However, if you attended a Mumford and Sons concert it is likely that there would be teens, adults and families enjoying their music.

What do my target audience not like?

It was quick to see that my target audience do not like the sexualisation of women or violence in music videos. Almost three quarters of the respondents to my survey found that these representations of people put them off of the music video. Laura Mulvey's male gaze theory states that women are viewed through the eyes of males however, times are changing and lots of male viewers do not wish to see women presented in such a way.


Representation: It is clear from my research that my target audience that they do not like it when the artist or actors are represented in a sexualised or negative way within music videos. Representation is incredibly important when aiming a product towards children, Disney are incredibly successful due to their portrayal or characters and the stereotypes of countries, they are easy for children to recognise. Adults do not need this affirmation of characters which only have basic qualities identified, television series' such as Glee try to represent every person and create characters who are sometimes incredibly complex but they also represent some groups such as the lgbt community in a very stereotyped manor.

Within my music video I do not feel that there is a need to hugely develop on my characters' likes and dislikes, or fine details about their moral codes. It is a music video which will last for a few minutes and these characters will cease to exist afterwards. I want the concentration to be upon the song itself and the meaning, the idillic settings and allow the audience to read through the movement of the characters. 

Music video analysis: Josh Garrels - A Long Way

Josh Garrels does not have many music videos for his songs. Whilst he shares his music online, he usually posts it with just the album artwork image rather than a music video. There are many videos of Josh Garrels performing his music live and there are a few of him performing with a band in various locations in nature. The A Long Way music video was released very recently onto his YouTube channel, receiving comments such as   'phenomenal visuals' and 'the scenery shots were breathtaking'. 

The opening shots are wide establishing shots showing breathtaking views from what seems to be a car window or moving vehicle, this may be indicating a journey or adventure. We then see Josh walking along with his guitar, this is a common convention of Folk music videos as guitars are usually key instruments. A large majority of the shots in the video are in slow motion, the lip syncing is in time with the video because the original sections where sang at a faster speed, this makes the video seem more mysterious and in conforms to the spiritual vibes which are often described from Josh Garrels' music. 

Much of Josh Garrels' music has strong religious connotations, mostly towards Christianity. The use of waves, nature and large skies with rolling clouds may be interpreted as a connection to the belief that these beautiful settings are God's divine creations. Towards the start of the music video we see a group of men in an alley surrounded by instruments and we assume that they are Josh's band. This music video is not a narrative, nor concept, it is an amalgamation of beautiful settings and sceneries to make the viewer consider the lyrics they are hearing and Josh Garrels' soulful voice. 

     

Requesting and receiving song permission: Josh Garrels - Born Again

Josh Garrels - Born Again   

Artist: Josh Garrels
Genre: Folk/ spiritual folk
Year Release: 2015 (Album: Home)

Music video analysis: Gabrielle Aplin - Salvation

The genre of Gabrielle Aplin's song Salvation is folk. The video is a concept video, mostly showing emotion through dance and movement.

The video is set in a rather modern building which makes folk rather contemporary in contrast with the way that folk is often presented, as retro and traditional. The music video centres around Gabrielle Aplin dancing with a male dance partner and lip syncing to parts of the song. Salvation was released as the fifth single from Gabrielle's debut studio album English Rain (2013). The slow motion shots of the partners dancing convey the emotion of the song and the dance almost tells the narrative of the song in its own right. Storytelling is a key component of folk music and it is very unusual to see a folk video with no meaning behind the shot choices.

The characters are wearing black and white or just white throughout the dancing during the video. Gabrielle sings of her 'salvation', the dictionary definition of salvation is preservation or deliverance from harm, ruin, or loss. From the lyrics of Salvation we can assume that her salvation is another person and due to the nature of the dancing in the video the man present is a representation or her salvation. I do not see the characters as the binary opposites that Levi Strauss identified because of they way they dance as one unit and the sincerity that can be seen in both characters but that Gabrielle is tainted when in black and white is after she has been 'saved'.

A typical interpretation of white and black is good/pure and evil. Within this video the colours do connote binary opposites but I do not believe it is as straight forward as good and bad, as Gabrielle sings of her salvation, I think black is a representation of her imperfections and how he has made her feel pure. There are shots of Gabrielle singing in the shower with her eyeliner running down her face, this shows the emotion she feels towards the lyrics of the song and could also be interpreted as her washing away her sins/wrongdoings.

As the song heightens in tension the editing speed and shot duration speeds up, the flashing lights are very dramatic and go hand in hand with the nature of the song. The song is slow throughout and as Gabrielle uses her voice to convey the emotions the video changes its style to suit the song. This is
something which I have seen a lot when watching music videos, the speed of editing tends to reflect the tempo of the song.

The camera is hand held throughout the video with a variety of shots including many long shots and two shots to show their bodies completely. The lens flares which can be seen throughout are a nice touch as they are often used on very picturesque images and they add to the feel of beauty in the video.

The opening sequence of he video shows Gabrielle walking along with diegetic sounds being heard and then the transition is made to the white airy building which infers that this is perhaps a battle which she is experiencing inside of her mind.

A white butterfly is seen on the outside of the shower where Gabrielle is singing, when researching white butterflies I have read that they symbolise 'the ability to go through important changes with grace an lightness' which is a prominent message of this music video.

Music Video analysis: Charlie Simpson - Down Down Down

Charlie Simpson is a folk artist/singer songwriter. Charlie is well known for being front-man in the band Busted. When Charlie started writing for his solo debut he knew that folk was the direction that his music would take him due to influences of music his parents listened to as he grew up. Charlie has said in interviews that one of his favourite parts of folk music is the layering of voices to almost create a 'chord' of vocals and he aims to use this in most of his music. Down Down Down was the debut single from from his debut album Young Pilgrim (2011). The song was released on 11 April 2011 and peaked at number 9 on the UK indie chart.

The Down Down Down music video is a hybrid of performance and narrative. Performance is a key convention of Folk music videos, with bands often playing their instruments such as guitars and banjos. The narrative element of the video seems every smooth and professional, almost like Charlie and his band are narrating a story, folk music has very strong links to storytelling and folk tales. After analysing folk tales Vladimir Propp identified a set of stock characters that are present in all stories, whilst the roles are rather mysterious in this short narrative of Down Down Down however we can
assume that the woman is the 'princess' that needs saving and that the man is the villain of the tale. Due to the lack of hero within the narrative it is possible for us to see Charlie Simpson as a hero-like figure due to the lightness of the woods he is in and the light colouring of the clothes he is wearing.

The mise en scene of the music video is well thought out and it is clear to a viewer that the genre of the song is folk from the setting alone. The outfits of Charlie and his band are smart casual, with
Charlie being dressed most smartly as he is the key performer of the video. In the woods where they are performing there are fairy lights which add to the atmosphere of the woods and look good in frame. The forest is a usual setting in folk videos, folk tales and songs often centre around tales and fairy tales which have strong links with woods and mystical areas.

There are crossovers between the settings of the narrative and performance settings of the music video. The first shot in the woods is a close up of a bag which appears later within the narrative and seems to be a key part of the story, the other tie between the two is when the woman escapes the cabin she runs through a woods/forest which we assume is the same woods which Charlie and his band are seen performing in.

There are a variety of camera angles throughout the video such as mid shits, close ups, long shots and focus on the instruments being played. Some shots are taken as if they are watching the band perform whilst in others Charlie is making direct eye contact with the camera as if he is addressing the audience. The instrument are shown in many shots with emphasis that the band are making their own music which shows that folk music is almost 'organic' and there is no computer generated music added in. The narrative sections of the music are smooth, controlled shots which would have been shot on cameras whilst using devices such as tripods and gimbals, these look like that of a film or television show. This is a contrast to the shots in the woods where Charlie is performing which are
handheld, they are not shaky but it is evident that they have not been stabilised using any devices. The focus of the camera shots vary between shallow and deep focus, often showing parts of the shot in a hazy light which makes it seem more mystical. 

The editing pace of the video is dependent on the pace of the song. The transitions are always straight cuts between shots and the pace of the shots are a lot slower during the verses than they are during the chorus. The woods are very light and airy during the shots of Charlie performing which is a strong contrast to the narrative shots which are very dark and create a sense of tension. The only sound which is present in this music video is the song Down Down Down by Charlie Simpson which was recorded in a recording studio, whilst the lip syncing makes it seem that the son is being performed live, the sound which the audience hears is non diegetic.

Uses and gratifications - Blulmer and Katz

The uses and gratifications theory focuses on the notion that audiences are not passive and actively seek out media outlets and products which meet their needs and there is often social interaction. This theory does not focus on the content of specific media products but the reason why the audience would choose to interact with a particular media. The theory assumes that the audience is spoiled for choice of alternate choices to meet their needs.

Blulmer and Katz are theorists that believe that there are just as many reasons to use the media as there are media consumers. The concept is an optimistic view of the media and the effect it has on today's society, it shows that media users have the power to read what they wish to read. For example, on Facebook if I see a post appear on my news feed which I did not want to see I can remove it from my news feed and complete a one question survey to say I do not wish to see posts like this appear. Uses and gratifications ignores the fact that media is an ever growing, dominating presence in our everyday lives with organisations even like schools now becoming a brand. The theory does not define how big the power of the media is.

An example of Blulmer and Katz's theory can be seen in the music we choose to listen to; whether it be because of the mood we are in or simply because we like the artist. The promotions surrounding artists and their music can make a large impact on who listens to and watches the final product, for instance The XX. The XX are an English Indie pop band and their album cover for 'Coexist' became an image which was seen by many Tumblr users as being cool. Below is an image of the original album cover.

Many edits began to appear of different images behind the X 

Due to these images appearing in many places a larger number of people became interested and decided to listen to The XX's music.

Music Video Analysis - Justin Bieber Where Are U Now

Justin Bieber's newest music video sees Justin teaming up with Skrillex and Diplo to create a video which has 'artistic flair'. It is a concept music video. Justin invited his fans to draw on each individual frame of his music video to create the vibrant video. The drawings are of everything and anything, some contain intertextuality as fans have chosen to draw characters such as Lisa Simpson from popular American show The Simpsons. The drawings do not have great meaning as a whole, they have been used more for the effect as each drawing is shown for an extremely small amount of time, as well as the video drawing attention because of the process behind it, it also sends a message to his fans. In recent news there have been many reports of Bieber being irresponsible and loosing respect of many fans, allowing fans to be involved within the creation of this video makes them feel like a part of the process and makes connections with when Justin Bieber used to be far more involved with his Beliebers. 

A large variety of shots are used within the video including close ups of Justin, long shots to show off his dance moves and even wide shots of the studio space whilst the frames were being drawn onto. Certain sections of the video do not show drawing on any frames, this allows the audience to concentrate of the lyrics and view Justin Singing them. This variation makes the video feel very controlled and makes the moments where the cartoon drawing and phrases are shown to be even more eye catching. 

If you pause the video at any point you are greeted by a different sketch which makes the video almost interactive for the viewers. Below are  some examples of freeze frames from the video.

Below is the wall which the frames of the video were pinned up on in order to be drawn onto. 

The genre of Where Are U Now is EDM (electronic dance music) which is a genre that is often played in clubs. This has influenced the video, the general lighting is quite dark like a nightclub along with the vibrant drawings and Justin is dancing in a style that suggests he is also listening to the EDM song. Richard Dyer's star image theory applies heavily to this video as Justin is the main focus of the video. Julia Kristeva's intertextuality theory also fits this music video as some of the drawings make reference to popular pop culture references such as celebrities, artists and television shows. This video still has a rather rebellious edge to it as it gives the impression that he video has not been censored however this was probably an intentional message, one of the drawings evens reads 'bush did 911' which is a very bold claim which could ultimately get someone into trouble. It also adds to the meaning of America having freedom of speech.